also known as TMD (temporomandibular disorders), refers to a variety of conditions affecting the jaw joint and the muscles that control jaw movement. The temporomandibular joints, located on each side of the head just in front of the ears, connect the jawbone to the skull and facilitate essential actions such as talking, chewing, and yawning. TMJ dysfunction occurs when the joints or muscles associated with the jaw become inflamed, strained, or misaligned. Symptoms often include jaw pain, difficulty in moving the jaw, clicking or popping sounds during movement, and in severe cases, the jaw locking in place.

TMJ dysfunction is often closely linked to chronic headaches, particularly tension headaches and migraine. The temporomandibular joint is located near the muscles responsible for head and neck movements, and when these muscles are overworked or strained due to jaw dysfunction, it can trigger pain that radiates to the head. In addition, bruxism, which frequently accompanies TMJ disorders, can lead to constant muscle tension around the jaw, neck, and temples, contributing to headaches.

The causes of TMJ dysfunction can vary widely. They include injury to the jaw, arthritis, teeth grinding (bruxism), poor posture, and even stress. Misalignment of the teeth or an improper bite can also contribute to the development of TMD. Additionally, repetitive strain on the jaw from habits such as excessive gum chewing, clenching, or nail-biting can exacerbate the condition. Diagnosis is usually based on physical examination and imaging tests like X-rays and MRIs. Treatment may range from conservative approaches like physical therapy and jaw exercises to more intensive interventions such as dental adjustments, botox injections, or even surgery. For many individuals with TMJ dysfunction, chronic headaches are a persistent and debilitating symptom.Left untreated, TMJ-related headaches can significantly impact daily life.